Sleep Deprivation And Its Effects On Society - 1431 Words

Being a full time student and avid participant in the community, sleep usually falls by the wayside as the struggle to maintain a healthy balance of activities and work continues. Sleep deprivation can actually be very devastating, having a huge affects on work ethic and focus. Sleep deprivation is â€Å"the condition of being robbed of sleep,† according to Dictionary.com. â€Å"A chronic sleep-restricted state can cause fatigue, daytime sleepiness, clumsiness, weight loss or weight gain,† giving it a substantial impact on how one functions on a day-to-day basis (Wikipedia). Sleep deprivation could be caused by several elements; such as stresses of daily life, choosing to work or play over sleeping, or a medical condition prohibiting sleep (Breus). Reducing your nighttime sleep by as little as one and a half hours for just one night could result in a loss of alertness during daytime hours by 32% (Breus). â€Å" In the long term, the clinical consequences of untreated disorders are large indeed. They are associated with numerous, serious medical ilnessess, including: high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke, obesity, ADD, and poor quality of life.† (Breus). The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates conservatively that, â€Å"each year drowsy driving is responsible for at least 100,000 automobile crashes, 71,100 injuries, and 1,550 fatalities.† (Breus). Also, excessive lack of sleep contributes to a greater risk of sustaining an occupational injury, which makesShow MoreRelatedSleep Deprivation And Its Effects On Society Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pageseffectiveness of those hours however, depend on effective rest. â€Å"Sleep is integral to the health and well-being of all people† (Wells 233). Sleep is simply defined as the body’s rest cycle – a time to recharge. The widely accepted metric for normal or sufficient sleep is about 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep. When this metric is not met, ei ther through total sleep loss or accumulated sleep debt, the effect can be dire, â€Å"Sleep deprivation results in poor memorizing, schematic thinking, which yields wrongRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Its Effects On Society1443 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Very nearly everybody encounters sleep deprivation occasionally, which is a developing issue, can influences a huge number of individuals on the planet particularly found in ladies, and more established. Additionally individuals who are separated or widowed have a more noteworthy chance than the individuals who are hitched to be casualties of sleep deprivation. A sleeping disorder originates from the Latin words for no slumber, which can be characterized as a reason or evident multifacetedRead MoreEssay On Sleep Deprivation801 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world sleep deprivation could be detrimental to people lives and health. Without sleep Im a angry person I get real snappy and grumpy. I would like to know more about the effects of the lack of sleep that effects people’s lives. I know that without sleep you can’t function properly. Why do people choose to push themselves to the limit when they are tired? Who do sleep issues mainly effect? These are some of the questions that I have pertaining to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is a globalRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Teenagers939 Words   |  4 Pagesteenagers can cause many problems such as sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation in teenagers can cause a lot of problems, in addition to that sleep deprivation is the leading cause of sleep disorders and depression. Sleep deprivation in teenager can have negative effects in their lives, especially academically and socially. There are different causes of sleep deprivation, two of the main causes are, Technology and Sleep Disorders. Teenagers in today’s society students are plague with the world of technologyRead MoreEffects of Sleep Deprivation881 Words   |  4 PagesSleep is an essential part of life. Without sleep, the body does not get the energy that it needs to function. Yet a large amount of people do not get anywhere near the amount of sleep they need. Whether it is because of medical reasons or because there just is not enough time in the day, sleep deprivation is a major problem in todays society. The many people who do not get enough sleep usually end up suffering the consequences. No good can come from not getting enough sleep. Sleep deprivation hasRead MoreSleep Deprivation Is A Wide Spread Phenomenon1277 Words   |  6 PagesSleep is one of our most basic physiological needs and getting enough of it is paramount to keeping our bodies and minds functioning at optimal performance. Th e amount of sleep needed varies and decreases by age. From 12-18 hours needed by a newborn to 7-9 hours needed by a health adult. The basal sleep need varies by individual with some people requiring more or less sleep than others (Czeisler 2014). When an individual does not get enough sleep they enter a state of sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivationRead MoreSleep Deprivation Negatively Influences Driving Performance1722 Words   |  7 Pagesaverage person is generally awake for around 16 hours a day, however sometimes within busy lives sleep may become a last priority between family and work, and thus extending the period a person is awake (Williamson Feyer, 2000). In this essay, it will be argued that sleep deprivation negatively influences driving performance, as it has been found that driving for long periods of time or after sleep deprivation leads to poor driving performance as levels of alertness are low. Two empirical studies haveRead MoreLack Of Lack Sleep Deprivation767 Wo rds   |  4 PagesWhat exactly is sleep? Sleep not only allows the human body to rest and reset after a long day but it also plays a critical role in immune function, metabolism, memory, learning and our vital body functions (Harvard Medical School, n.d.). When the human body becomes warn down and unable to properly regenerate and rest, it becomes more and more susceptible to disease, infection and health complications. In the American culture society burns the candle at both ends which often spirals into a wholeRead MoreSleep Loss Or Sleep Deprivation860 Words   |  4 PagesSleep Loss Sleep loss, or sleep deprivation, is very common throughout the world. It is very important to make sure you get at least eight hours of sleep each night for you to be ready to get up and go. It has been said that teenagers need an average of nine hours and fifteen minutes of sleep, according to my psychology teacher. It is very dangerous to go without sleep, hallucinations can and sometimes will occur. It is always easy to tell when a person is not getting enough sleep. They have bagsRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Stress1352 Words   |  6 PagesSleep is very important for proper human functioning. Sleep deprivation occurs the body does not get an adequate amount of sleep regularly. The lack of sleep can affect many aspects of life. This topic affects many Americans especially college students. American culture values being very busy and cramming in many activities to daily schedules in which often requires sacrificing sleep. Different age groups reactions to sleep d eprivation was investigated. Physical effects of lack of sleep were examined

Reality And Malthus Predictions Of Population - 992 Words

Reality and Malthus’ Predictions of Population Imagine if Earth’s population was so large that all of the world’s resources had to be exhausted to their last limits just to provide food for only half of the population. That is exactly what 17th-century demographer Thomas Malthus envisioned when he predicted how the world’s population would affect the world’s resources. In An Essay on the Principle of Population, published in the late 18th century, Malthus expressed many controversial predictions in which he argued that the increase of resources was arithmetic while the increase in population was exponential; thus, he concluded that the population would greatly outpace the amount of resource growth on Earth. Being that Malthus made his predictions during the industrial revolution (which was when North America and Europe reached stage two of the demographic transition), many critics of his theory claim that Malthus’ calculations were inaccurate because he did not consider technological advances in relation to food production. Also, Malthus’ critics believe that he overestimated population increase (mainly because of the time period he lived in) and (adverb) underestimated the production rate of resources. Though both sides of the debate are plausible, it is evident that Malthus’ views were incorrect because modern-day statistics regarding population and food production do not support his claims. Therefore, because of Malthus’ uncircumspect approach when he predicted populationShow MoreRelatedEssay Malthuss Theory951 Words   |  4 Pagesis from the way things have been up until that time, rather than the future? In 1798, what seemed like a monumental amount of people is now nothing compared to the population of the world today; a trend which will continue just like the growth of Earth’s population. However, with all things, it seems, there is a breaking point. Malthus was quite certain that this breaking point would be felt in our world’s food supply by now, but he was wrong. Although Malthus’s theory may not have been entirely correctRead MoreThe Scarcity Of Food Scarcity1029 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the population was not as large as today, which is over seven billion people. I would not be worrying about a food crisis or starvation unless a man like Thomas Malthus came along and spread rumors that it could happen, especially if it is in our future. Since people were first exposed to that idea during Malthus’ time, it is reasonable why people would stress about it instantly. Nobody knows when food scarcity could happen. All they know is that it is eminent with regards to Malthus’ claimsRead MoreMalthus Principle Of Population Growth1585 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Malthus, Economic Growth leads directly to population growth, and the latter tends to be more rapid than the former. Malthus’ principle appears to have held for the pre-industrial world for millennia. However, the indu strialising capitalist countries of Europe experienced low population growth rates during the 20th Century, in spite of their high economic growth rates. Why did Malthus’ principle fail to apply in this case? Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) was a famous Economist, famousRead MoreThe Fight Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( Hiv / Aids )1714 Words   |  7 Pagesreasons as listed below: †¢ Government involvement in the HIV-AIDS campaigns has reduced compared to the past where the president himself spearheading campaigns against HIV-AIDS †¢ The economic growth rates of the country †¢ The ever growing Ugandan population Before commencing in to the details of the hypothesis, there is need to have a clearer understanding of the HIV-AIDS epidemic in Uganda in terms of the history of the disease, preventive and cautious measures taken in the past. A brief historyRead MoreExplain What Is Meant by â€Å"the Population Bomb† and to What Extent Do You Agree That This Bomb Has Been Diffused.2007 Words   |  9 PagesExplain what is meant by â€Å"The Population Bomb† and to what extent do you agree that this bomb has been diffused. â€Å"Population will inevitably and completely outstrip whatever small increases in food supplies we make. The death rate will increase until at least 100-200 million people per year will be starving to death during the next ten years.†- Paul Ehrlich, Stanford University biologist The population bomb theory was made popular by Paul Ehrlichs 1968 book â€Å"The Population Bomb†, Ehrlich positedRead MoreEconomic Theories of population growth7492 Words   |  30 PagesPopulation Growth and Natural Resources 73 3.2 Economic Theories of Population Growth In this section the demographic transition process observed in the previous section will be examined in terms of economic theories. 3.2.1 The Malthus model Thomas Robert Malthus Â…1766 ±1834† is known as a pioneer in the economic theory of population. His Principle of Population Â…[1798] 1926† was a re ¯ection of England s premiere entrance into the process of modern demographic transition. His populationRead MoreOverpopulation : The Problem Of Overpopulation1251 Words   |  6 Pagesoverpopulation, the futuristic â€Å"problem† that is not and will not be a dilemma in the foreseeable future. Back in 15,000 B.C., the world population was five million. Today, it is a staggering seven billion plus. This has caused unease that overpopulation will be a problem for our future generations. Although many developing countries around the globe are implementing population control laws, there should be no need for concern about the situation because overpopulation is a myth, scientifically projectedRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World 1250 Words   |  5 Pagessex are forms of escaping the horrors of reality. Or as Laurence Brander (1970) put it, â€Å"Affection and loyalty are unnecessary, beauty is a synthetic product, truth is arranged in a test tube, hope is supplied in a pill, which by its action annihilates identity.† By linking science, te chnology, and politics, Huxley predicted that human individuality would wither away . He believed that his book was not only a â€Å"satire on contemporary culture, a prediction of biological advances, a commentary on theRead MoreClimate Change (Term Paper)4277 Words   |  18 PagesWilliam Barrett Introduction Over the past years most individuals have become acutely aware that the intensity of human and economic development enjoyed over the 20th century cannot be sustained. Material consumption and ever increasing populations are already stressing the earths ecosystems. How much more the earth can take remains a very heated issue. Here a look at the facts sheds some very dark light. In 1950, there were 2.5 billion people, while today there are 5.8 billion. ThereRead MoreThe Case Against Helping The Poor2052 Words   |  9 Pagesmatter of altruism. However, a close analysis of both Hardin and Singer’s use of imaginary scenarios reveals a skewed sense of reality that in fact can cause the audience to develop similar biases on the issues presented by both authors. In both articles the use of hypothetical situations and statistics results in problems with the misrepresentation and oversimplification of reality, excluding the audience from all possible resolutions in facing ethical dilemmas. The inaccuracies of the evidence presented

Crime Scenes Free Essays

Crime scenes are known to have many other types of evidence some are physical(DNA,fingerprints,Handwriting,photographs and clothing).Trace Evidence can be microscopic most Trace Evidence is small it can’t be seen with the human eye.Trace evidence is evidence left by an individual at the crime scene it can be either intentional or unintentional. We will write a custom essay sample on Crime Scenes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Trace evidence is left by touch and example would be if you had a really fuzzy sweater and a person brushes up against you,the fibers from your sweater would transfer to that person’s clothing . There are several different types of Trace Evidence such as fibers,hair,soil,wood,gunshot residue,pollen,chemicals and many other types. Trace Evidence can be circumstantial an example would be if someone was murdered at a house and that person’s moms fingerprint was at that the crime scene,and the mom had visited a week ago the fingerprint has a reason to be there. However she still could have murdered her child so she will still have to be cleared as a suspect.Edmond Locard, founder of the Institute of Criminalistics at the University of Lyon, France, developed what has become known as Locard’s Exchange Principle. This states that every contact leaves a trace (Trace Evidence). Investigators can potentially link a suspect and a victim to a location through trace evidence. Glass from doors or windows can stick on the soles of shoes.It can be found on clothes,tools,skin and weapons.Different types of glass break and shatter differently.Glass can also hold fingerprints.Dust and dirt can also determine where a person has been,where they have worked,where they live and if they have pets. Pollen is also included in this this because it is a type of dirt and dust and can tell investigators if a suspect has been outside and where they have been.Forensic investigators must handle evidence from a crime scene with care so that they do not contaminate any evidence. Investigators have certain way of collecting ballistic evidence in order to prevent contamination and assure that it can be a valuable source of data. The truth about how investigators deal with evidence is very far from the Hollywood image that has been created from shows. The accumulation of ballistic evidence can be broken down into collection of firearms, ammunition, and gunpowder deposits. In all cases, an investigator’s first priority is safety. Before a firearm is sent to a laboratory, it must be checked to see there is no chance of an accidentals shot of a weapon. To be safe, in most cases a weapon will be unloaded. Some important things that investigators note in this process are the weapon’s safety position and the location of fired and unfired ammunition; this way, no evidence is lost. Since trace evidence covers a wide variety of stuff, there is similar variety in the testing that is performed. Specialized testing may be done outside of the local laboratory at regional or national facilities. The type of test performed and the range of information provided vary by the type of evidence tested. For example, analysis of a strand of hair may yield information on the race and general health of the donor, while analysis of a paint sample would probably find the manufacturer of the paint .Hair samples are tested primarily by microscopic comparison. Microscopic comparison identifies the shape, color, texture and other visual aspects of the sample.In some cases hair is subjected to DNA analysis. Trace evidence analysts usually have strands to work with. From these strands, fiber testing is done using high-powered comparison microscopes to compare texture and wear in a side-by-side test. Chemical analysis can determine the chemical composition of the fibers. In the case of synthetic fabric or carpet, this information can be used to trace the product to the manufacturer using standards databases, further enhancing the probative value of the evidence.Glass can have valuable information through fracture marks, lines and patterns. Testing for unique characteristics such as color, optical properties and density can determine the type of glass, for example a window pane, vase or glass bottle. Powerful comparison microscopes are used to compare colors, thickness and layer patterns, and luster or to match fragments and tears. Blood Spatter Blood Spatter is another thing that helps get rid of lunatics and murderers. One of the most important fields of forensic science is blood spatter analysis. Under the Crime Scene Investigation, analysts gather the information that could eventually lead to a victim’s killer. Basic and complicated information can be found when analyzing blood. We can learn what kind of weapon was used, the time of death of a victim and other important facts that can help a case. The pattern that the blood gives off give forensic scientists the tools that they need to help solve cases. Investigators can find clues from a murder through a number of different ways. Typically they find out how many times an object hits a part of the body. Stains that are on walls and/or ceilings can tell you that a lot of force was used.. A basic bloodstain pattern is known as transfer or contact. These are made when someone walks through a blood leaving footsteps or trails. Gunshot spatters are very common in crime scenes, and give off a sort of mist effect. Sources of blood can reveal the origins of whatever it is investigators are looking for. If someone was interested in pursuing a career in forensics they would need a strong stomach or hardy exterior. The scenes can be gruesome and this job isn’t for everybody. Also work environment involves visiting morgues with hundreds of dead bodies. A quality that is needed in this field is composure. Things do tend to happen so forensics and other technicians have to refrain themselves and get the job done. Critical thinking and problems solving skills are very important when solving cases that deal with quick decision making and the need of good judgment. Every analyst needs to pay attention to detail because they need to notice the small things in order to collect good data.The first record of blood spatter was in 1895. Dr. Eduard Piotrowski of the University of Krakà ³w published a paper titled â€Å"On the formation, form, direction, and spreading of blood stains after blunt trauma to the head.† How to cite Crime Scenes, Papers

American History and Culture Slave culture

Question: Discuss about the American History and Culture of Slave culture. Answer: Primary Source from Current Week Key Argument: Discussion on the Slave Trade Process in America The narrative work specifies the journey of the slave that has been portrayed by Alexander Falconbridge. The agricultural process demanded for a large number of workforces. Therefore, the slaves from Africa were offered to serve for this agricultural process. In the middle of 18th century, almost 80,000 Africans crossed the Atlantic Ocean to bind themselves in the service of Americans (Eyewitnesstohistory.com, 2016). It was considered as the lucrative business. Americans spent an attractive amount for purchasing the slaves from Africa. The journey of a slaves life started as the tribute from a weak tribal to a more powerful tribal, who won the war. The local traders usually got kidnapped for serving as the slaves. The Negroes are often hired as the slaves for the white people in America. Primary Source from Previous Week Key Argument: Darker side of the Slaves Lives In this description, Frederick Douglass has presented his survival as a slave from the early childhood. He described the condition of a little boy who is away from his mother and never received the motherly love that he deserved like other children of his age. His mother was a slave and died at very young age. Hence, he got the feeling like a death of a stranger. However, when he started growing up, he became the slave as well. Hence, he has illustrated his entire life story by judging from a perspective of a slave (Docsouth.unc.edu, 2016). He also portrayed his sufferings, which describes the enormous struggle of the slaves in their daily lives. Outside Source Key Argument: Historical Background of the Slave Trades The description provided in this learning resource has been focusing on the historical background of the slave trade process in America. The slave trade process refers to the trading patterns that were established during the early stage of the middle 17th century (Stuckey, 2013). The article has described that the slave trade was one of the most significant services that had the effective contributions on the countrys economy (Bl.uk, 2016). However, many of the slaves tried to put an end to this ruthless business, which demands the lives of the ordinary people. However, the efforts were overlooked. The slaves lives were seemed to be dedicated to the service of others. Hence, it depicted the cruel and ruthless scenario of the poor lives. References Bl.uk, (2016). The slave trade - a historical background. [online] Bl.uk. Available at: https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/campaignforabolition/abolitionbackground/abolitionintro.html [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Docsouth.unc.edu, (2016). Frederick Douglass, 1818-1895. Narrative of the Life of FrederickDouglass, an American Slave. Written by Himself. [online] Docsouth.unc.edu. Available at: https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass/douglass.html [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Eyewitnesstohistory.com, (2016). African Slave Trade, 1788. [online] Eyewitnesstohistory.com. Available at: https://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/slavetrade.htm [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Stuckey, S. (2013).Slave culture: Nationalist theory and the foundations of Black America. Oxford University Press.

The Kite Runner By F. Scott Fitzgerald example Essay Example For Students

The Kite Runner By F. Scott Fitzgerald example Essay The life we are given influences what we do, but it is up to us to decide our future.Innocence can mean purity, virginity, naivety, or lack of knowledge. These different definitions are diverse, but four characters in The Kite Runner embody one or more of these definitions of innocence: Amir, Assef, Hassan, and Sohrab. The life we are given influences what we do, but is up to us to decide our future. In The Kite Runner, we can easily identify the protagonist and the antagonist. Amir, the protagonist, grows to fit the hero archetype when he learns to be selfless and saves Sohrab. Initially, Amir is an innocent boy who acts according to the life he was given. He is privileged and a Pashtun, and his actions reflect these qualities. Amir grows and learns how to be independant and how to be someone who can be depended upon. Amir starts his quest of redemption when he returns to Afghanistan. He wants â€Å"to be good again† (2). We will write a custom essay on The Kite Runner By F. Scott Fitzgerald example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now On his quest, Amir faces many challenges that could easily force a man to give up. He has a life in America which could be destroyed because of the dangers of Afghanistan. Memories of his past sins keep coming back during his quest, but ultimately, he becomes the hero and goes on this perilous journey, knowing he may not be able to finish the quest. His new found courage also fits Amir into the warrior archetype. He had to sacrifice his safety to fight for Sohrab’s freedom and redeem himself. As the hero of the story, Amir is a figure that readers have a strong bond with. They rally for him or criticize his actions, but in the end they want him to succeed. Maybe a bit too long. Good ideas though and Memories of his past may be repetitive create a sentence before jumping into assef to create smooth transition. .eone who he could trust and put his faith in. He trusts Amir enough to ask him: â€Å"Will God put me in hell for what I did to that man?† (318). This shows that he is still innocent despite all he has been through. Very quickly, however, whatever innocence he had left was again robbed. Amir promised Sohrab he would not put Sohrab in an orphanage again, but later tells Sohrab that he may have to stay at an orphanage. The one person Sohrab thought he could count on betrayed him, and he just could not take it anymore. (yes but explain how explain perspective) It is devastating that a child could be harmed and abused so badly to a point where they would turn to suicide as their only option to release them from their suffering. Although Amir tried to rescue Sohrab from suffering, he happened to be the final straw. (bit more commentary and smoother transitions and you got it)

Free Essays on Solid Waste

As defined in Environmental Science â€Å"solid waste is any discarded material that is not a liquid or gas. Products have changed over the years from being reusable to being disposable which has caused a great increase in solid waste. In fact, since the 1960’s each person in America has almost doubled their output of solid waste. There are two kinds of solid waste. One kind is wastes that are made of biodegradable materials, and the other is materials not made of biodegradable materials. â€Å"A biodegradable material is a material that can be broken down by living things into simpler chemicals that can be consumed by living things (Environmental Science).† Synthetic materials, or materials created in a laboratory, are nonbiodegradable. Plastics are a common synthetic material. Plastics are made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen, but these elements are put together differently than how they are found in nature. Microorganisms have ways to break down things in nature, but not man made things. Plastics may last for hundreds of years before they are able to start the process of being broken down. 75% of our waste comes from mining wastes, 12% comes from agricultural wastes, 9% comes from industries, and 4% comes from municipal wastes. Municipal waste is trash that people and businesses produce. 40% of our municipal waste is paper or cardboard, 18% is yard wastes, 8% are plastics, 7% is glass, 1% is aluminum, and other materials make up 19%. Even though municipal waste accounts for only 4% of all the waste produced it still is consists of about 180 million tons a year. The amount of municipal waste is increasing at a very fast amount. Most of our trash, 80%, is sent to landfills, which are places where garbage is dumped and covered with a layer of dirt or plastic each day. These are a lot better than the open dumps that they used to have. Open dumps produce horrible smells and were infested with rats ... Free Essays on Solid Waste Free Essays on Solid Waste As defined in Environmental Science â€Å"solid waste is any discarded material that is not a liquid or gas. Products have changed over the years from being reusable to being disposable which has caused a great increase in solid waste. In fact, since the 1960’s each person in America has almost doubled their output of solid waste. There are two kinds of solid waste. One kind is wastes that are made of biodegradable materials, and the other is materials not made of biodegradable materials. â€Å"A biodegradable material is a material that can be broken down by living things into simpler chemicals that can be consumed by living things (Environmental Science).† Synthetic materials, or materials created in a laboratory, are nonbiodegradable. Plastics are a common synthetic material. Plastics are made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen, but these elements are put together differently than how they are found in nature. Microorganisms have ways to break down things in nature, but not man made things. Plastics may last for hundreds of years before they are able to start the process of being broken down. 75% of our waste comes from mining wastes, 12% comes from agricultural wastes, 9% comes from industries, and 4% comes from municipal wastes. Municipal waste is trash that people and businesses produce. 40% of our municipal waste is paper or cardboard, 18% is yard wastes, 8% are plastics, 7% is glass, 1% is aluminum, and other materials make up 19%. Even though municipal waste accounts for only 4% of all the waste produced it still is consists of about 180 million tons a year. The amount of municipal waste is increasing at a very fast amount. Most of our trash, 80%, is sent to landfills, which are places where garbage is dumped and covered with a layer of dirt or plastic each day. These are a lot better than the open dumps that they used to have. Open dumps produce horrible smells and were infested with rats ...

Silvio Berlusconi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Silvio Berlusconi - Research Paper Example These are the personal scandals, but he was also convicted in Italian courts of more serious scandals – tax fraud and wiretapping violations. Yet, Berlusconi managed to always retain power, even after losing power, by regaining it through media manipulation. He virtually owns the media in Italy, so he was able to make the Italian people believe that in his story, the way that he would spin it. Meanwhile, he has tarnished his critics with allegations against them. The media manipulation is apparently still afoot, as Berlusconi, as recently as the February 2013 elections, came within 1% of the popular vote for Prime Minister. This essay will examine Berlusconi’s rise to power, his scandals, and why he still is a popular figure, even after all he has been accused of. Discussion Silvio Berlusconi is one of the most corrupt men to ever assume the mantle of Prime Minister, in Italy or any other place in the world. His origins were humble, however. According to the BBC News (2 013), Berlusconi began his business career selling vacuums and singing on a cruise ship. He graduated from law school in 1961, and, ten years later, he launched a local cable-television outfit, called Telemilano, which grew into Mediaset, which is one of Italy’s biggest media empires. ... not last long, for he lost the 1996 election, amid a collapse of his government, seven months into his term, because, in part, Berlusconi was indicted for tax fraud in a Milan court. He came back into power in 2001, before being defeated again in 2006, then returning to office in 2008 under the People of Freedom party (Profile: Silvio Berlusconi). Berlusconi came to power in 1994 by assuring the Italians that he represented a different kind of leader from what they were accustomed to, according to Donadio & Povoledo (2011). He stated that Italy did not have freedom and was too ruled by the past, in their economics and their social issues. The old political parties, before Berlusconi came to power, were the Christian Democratic Party and the Communist Party, and Berlusconi represented something different than what these two parties were offering. Berlusconi was offering himself as a leader, and his qualifications, according to Donadio & Povoledo (2011) was his immense wealth. He was r e-elected in 2001 because he was able to deliver, to every doorstep, a magazine-sized volume, titled â€Å"An Italian Story† regarding his life. This print offering showcased Berlusconi as a self-made businessman, a family man and a ladies’ man, while showing his love for soccer (Donadio & Povoledo, 2011). Donadio & Povoledo (2011) argue that Berlusconi was popular because he was seen as the sort that the Italian man would admire and want to emulate – somebody who was charismatic, sexually powerful and wealthy. Donadio & Povoledo (2011) state that Berlusconi was able to come to power, and keep power, for another reason – he controlled the media. Because he controlled the media, he controlled how he was portrayed to the people. He began with a broadcasting company, Mediaset, which

Movies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Movies - Assignment Example The words further make the intention of the marketer controversial as they, one way of the other, promote and highlight supremacy and reign of White over the Black (Stuart, 2006). After watching this advertisement, the general perception I drew about the Whites was somewhat grand and physically powerful while the image of Blacks went down to slavery that was ever associated with them. Although it is an advertisement of gaming consoles, the idea about the racial differences remain an important part of this billboard advertisement making it questionable and unacceptable for many viewers. In my opinion, the advertisement is disrespectful to one race and provides a hidden meaning of superiority of Whites over the Blacks that remain discriminatory in its true essence. If someone was to learn about racial dynamics in the U.S. purely through this ad, he/she might think of blacks as socially lower class and disrespected people and Whites as dominant and powerful who may control

Art, Self, and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art, Self, and Society - Essay Example The essay "Art, Self, and Society" discovers the wrapped Reichstag by Christo and Jean-Claude. Despite many challenges and rigorous process that someone has to go through in life, there is always a glimmer of hope and success at the end. The artists went through very tormenting moments, sacrifice and patience so that they could have the permission of the parliament to wrap Reichstag. Therefore, every endeavor that one undertakes should be driven by the end rather than the means. Arguably, the wrapped Reichstag also sends a message that in life nothing is impossible. Even the bigger structural constructions, which are more than the size of Reichstag, could be completed when adequate resources are properly used. Therefore, no matter how big something might appear, still there is a possibility of doing it to completion. This can as well be seen among the people who came to see the Reichstag structure that amazed many of them due to its big size and structural composition. Moreover, the Reichstag is a symbol of democracy to the people of the society. The convening of the old parliament building leaves a sign that the past dictatorship acts were outdated, thus autocratic laws were no longer passed. Indeed, the artwork at the moment identified with several people who had fallen victims of the oppressive dictatorship rules. The wrapping of Reichstag becomes very symbolic since it is a clear sign that the dark ages of oppressive rules are over, and this marks the new beginning of political dispensation.

Dialog GSM: An Analysis

Dialog GSM: An Analysis Market Planning Changing Market Demand 1 Executive Summery Dialog GSM is a Leading telecommunication vendor in Sri Lanka Catering a customer base of 6 Million subscribers , with regard to the recent change in environment there has been a significance increase in demand for telecommunication need , Identifying environment change in time Dialog GSM wishes to have short term marketing plan evaluation report to cater the current situation, The following report will initially address a 2 years short term marketing plan which initially highlights on a short term marketing plan based on the current environmental situation analysis, following marketing plan will identify the approaches strategies recommendation to achieve the organizational goal A critical evaluation report is also prepared to company the success of the marketing plan. Evaluation report will highlight on how Dialog GSM will adopt to the role of marketing and marketing planning in responding to a change in the external marketing environment further evaluation report address on justifying the process of undertaking the marketing audit, and identifies the issues of information gathering and analysis associated in preparing the short tem marketing plan how an appropriate strategy which can be developed to overcome the current situation , utilizing segmentation-targeting-positioning strategy finally identify potential that may be encountered in implementing the marketing plan present operational proposals for addressing the potential issues 2 Rational of Assignment The rational of the assignment highlights significance increase in the level of demand for the Mobile telecommunication Sector in Sri Lanka, Since the Sri Lankan war has ended in the northern eastern region of Sri Lanka in May 2009, The need for telecommunication need has increased targeting a additional customer base of 3.5 4.5 Million and above which could bring more revenue market share to Dialog GSM (Sunday Observer, August 2009) The emergence of wireless-enabled computing devices are empowered by ubiquitous, low-cost wireless data mobile connections; In other words, we have a growing need for on-the-go communication supplemented by the rollout of 3G (third generation) cellular services and widespread Wi-Fi hotspots. This is motivating telecommunication providers, expand the market share and in such small market the post war situation has lead to tremendous opportunity among telecommunication vendors The Above diagram shows the opportunity in the market which is very much positive indicating the growth in telecommunication sector The following report will highlight on a 2 years short term marketing plan on how Dialog GSM can cope up to the significance rising demand since high competition is also expected to capture the same opportunity how Dialog GSM would have to plan in terms of Product positioning, segmentation marketing strategy to overcome such competition 3 Situation Analysis Current post war situation is created a tremendous opportunity to exploit new market, in analyzing the market environment; market economy is improving gradually as shown in the Macro Micro analysis (see appendix, Internal Environmental Analysis, PESTLE Analysis (Porters five forces Analysis) As Sri Lankan economy is moving towards a recovering phase the probability and chances of an individual owning a mobile connection is high , as per the SWOT analysis its identified in about 20 million population in Sri Lanka, so far 10 million connection being sold which indicates the potential of the growing market Today all mobile providers have huge potential in exploiting the market, where fierce competition is looked forward. One of the South Asian mobile operator, Airtel and Mobitel have shown interest to open their local offices and base stations in the northern region after the post war situation In terms of Sri Lankan mobile industry, end customers look forward for a low cost affordability package and when comparing different vendors value added features plays a vital role in decision making process which is identified in Macro Analysis. Innovative technologies help brand to lead the market and generate revenue, for example, the innovation and the launch of 3.5G services was firstly introduced by Dialog GSM and this has created a huge value for the brand and the mobile broadband technology in Sri Lanka. According to the present market situation identified, Dialog GSM needs to act fast and need to be innovative to be a leader in Sri Lankan mobile telecommunication sector, the following Marketing plan will address how Dialog GSM should improve revenue growth while improving market share. 3.1 Key Opportunities Threat Identified from current situation According to the current market analysis, the key opportunities and threats found through the internal external marketing audit done (see appendix, Internal Environmental Analysis, PESTLE Analysis ) Porters Five forces Analysis), based on this information Dialog GSM could plan for a Synergistic plan to satisfy the increasing demand for Mobile telecommunication in Sri Lanka ,Based on this information Dialog GSM could plan for a Synergistic plan to satisfy the increasing demand for Mobile telecommunication in Sri Lanka SWOT analysis is a tool that marketers use to assess an organizations strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats. Strength and weakness are internal factors that are directly controllable by marketers. Opportunities and threats are external factors that are uncontrollable (Pride et al, 2006). Key Opportunities Key Threats Opportunity to increase additional customer base of 4.5 Million subscribers from the post-war region Opportunity for major market development strategy Be a firs telecommunication provider to establish a strong island wide network distribution channel Opportunity to cater more CSR projects for the post war region to build good personal relationship. †¢ Competitors also aiming the same post-war region to capture market share †¢ Environmental changes in the political, social and economical conditions and the laws and regulations (Eg: TRC-SL regulations) actions will have impact on moving further 4 Corporate Objective Marketing objectives should possess certain characteristics (Pride et al, 2006): * Firstly, a marketing objective should be expressed in clear, simple terms so that marketing personnel understand exactly what they must achieve. * Secondly, it should written so that it can be measurable and * Thirdly, it should specify a time frame to accomplish The below from 2008 annual report explains the marketing objectives of Dialog GSM for the next 2 years. (Dialog GSM Annual Report, June 2008) 5 Segmentation There are a number of reasons why organizations undertake segmentation (Doyle, 1994): * To meet consumer needs more precisely * To Increase profits * To gain segment leadership * To retain customers * To Focus marketing communication 6 Targeting Targeting is all about which market segment(s) a business decides to priorities for its sales and marketing effort (Dibb, Simkin, Pride Ferrel, 2001) Targeting the right product to the right segment using the right marketing mix is important; Dialog GSM needs to implement differential targeting strategy for the segment of customers identified as above to cater the post war region, each product based segments have mentioned above has different characters from each other, identifying the correct audience and implementing the appropriate marketing mix strategy is important 7 Positioning Kotler (1998) defines positioning is a act of designing an offer so that it occupies a distinct and valued places in the mind of the target customer Dialog GSM should be able to retain and position the brand a leader by providing the best quality of customer service and the up to date innovative technical infrastructure to cater its customers base island wide, still Dialog GSM needs to maintain its customer service quality to be perceived among the current and potential customer to be a market leader 8 Dialog GSM Strategy Audit 8.1 Dialog GSM Value Chain Analysis 8.1.1 Support Activities Infrastructure Dialog GSM success to become a market leader in a short time frame is its infrastructure which the organization has created to support the each element of the value chain Human Resource Management Dialog GSM has a dedicated human resource management team to fulfill the gap of the human resource needs full fill the skill gaps of the staff to position them self as a market leader In current scenario resource will be mostly need for new product development customer care Technology Development Internal technology development is important to sustain the market position in terms of developing next generation of communication tools Investment in research development in technology will emphasis more towards the future growth Procurement Supply chain management is important part to support the ongoing business model, the following systems in place is important for Dialog GSM to sustain market leadership in the Telco sector * Procurement system * Inventory System * Logistics 8.1.2 Primary Activities Inbound Logistics Inbound logistic is important for routine based operational activities, Proper co-ordination management of logistics will help the staff and the functional departments to achieve the objectives Operational This will be the improvements inbound logistics from the suppliers Out Bond Logistics Out bound logistics will be better in terms of partnership with 3rd party vendors Marketing Sale This would be the support of 4Ps communicational activities , Dialog GSM has a dedicated sales marketing team to full fill this function within the organization , sales team is divided to target the B2B B2C target customers , while marketing team full fills the marketing activities to achieve the marketing objectives Service This would be one of the vital aspects of supporting the customers; Dialog GSM has initiated 247 customer hot line to support the customers, apart from this Dialog GSM has also created an online support system as well (Dialog GSM Customer Service Standards, June 2009) 8.2 Competitive Analysis Michel Porter (1985) defined a competitive advantage grid is based upon three generic strategies that enable an organization to closely identify the varies competitive position options open to them, The strategies are categorized as: * Cost leadership strategy * Differentiation strategy * Focus (or Segmentation) strategy A focus (Segmentation) strategy is determined to be narrow in scope whilst cost leadership and differentiation are relatively broad in scope. The following diagram demonstrates the three strategies in this context. As a market leader in a highly competitive market Dialog GSM focus to be a cost leader in terms of reducing operational cost to which could add value to develop new differential strategies to counter the current concentrated market , such as invest more money to 1. Research and development 2. Geographical expansion of the business to post war region 3. To open new outlets in newly identified market Also Dialog GSM should have a differential strategy to highlight its unique competency it the mobile telecommunication market against the growing competitors 8.3 Product Portfolio Analysis There are a number of portfolio models that are used to identify the current position of business units or products. This position will be the result of the organizations current resources and can be seen as a symptom of the competencies and assets of the organization. They reflect the organizations current performance and identify strengths on which the marketing strategy can be built, or weaknesses that the Strategy is required to overcome. 9 Marketing Strategy Dialog GSM is looking to exploit the growing new and increasing mobile telephony in the post war region with a repositioned and re priced product using various Marketing mix strategy of Product reposition and promotional strategy Customers and Corporate customers will be targeted will be targeted as with additional emphasis on new partnership which will differentiate Dialog GSM from its competitors Customers will continue to receive customized support and personal packages, but the focus of the future business will move towards aggressively to newly identified segments and geographical markets Gap analysis is a tool used by marketing managers to decide on strategies and tactics. This is done by asking two main questions, where are we now? And where do we want to be? The difference between the two is the GAP. Source www.marketingteacher.com Improve existing operation Since the gap shows of LKR 30 Million, it is important to look into strategies to close the gap, initially Dialog should emphasize on developing appropriate Marketing mix strategy to over come the revised forecast Moving forward Dialog GSM look into key strategies for growth, new product development to close the overall gap 9.1 Marketing Strategy for Growth Ansoffs Growth Matrix (1957) is a tool used to assist organization in the generation of strategy alternatives. It suggests that an organization will grow depending upon whether it markets new or existing products in new or existing market ANSOFF MARTIX Product Existing Product New Product Market Existing Market Market Penetration -(High) Aim * Increase usage among existing subscribers Focus * Promote existing product to existing customers Issue * Competitors also currently following penetration strategy due to the market saturation Product Development (High) Aim * Increase usage among existing subscribers Focus * Innovation development of new products and technology such as 3.5G , MMS , Mobile broad band which could bring more revenue * Also improvise on value added service like news alerts ,via sums Issue * Level of investment will be high , its advisable New Market Market Development (High) Aim * Expand Dialog GSM presence into new market to increase market share Focus * Promote existing product to new market * Identify key segments in new market  · Appoint new resellers in the identified potential geographical region Issue * Selected market should be highly analyzed before entering , new markets structure , logistics availability , economic condition has to be analyzed well Diversification (Low) Aim * Build a new strategy to enter new market with new products for growth Focus * Focus new markets like neighbor country Maldives to ender with new products like corporate internet solution Issue * High risk and high investment needed to move into a new product and market Recommendation Its recommended that Dialog GSM should apply Product development Market development as a strategy for growth profitability while market penetration can be used to retain market share, Diversification strategy will be a high risk to enter without proper study of a new market and it requires huge investment to develop new products 10 Marketing Mix Strategy Product * Since most of the post-war regional customers are† Tamil†, we need to do product customization in terms of their flexible language such as product broacher, customer support ,branch outlet branding * Dialog GSM needs to position their value added services to retain and differentiate from competitors, Customer service will also be a vital value added product where a customer will be evaluating against the competitor service * Formation of a product development team is important to produce new products for newly identified segments Price * Since post war region is yet to be developed in a high scale, price should be at a affordable cost * As long as new products like mobile broadband doesnt concur competition price skimming strategy could be applied Place * Formation of new distribution channel is important , since the product demand has increased reforming a new full fletched distribution system is important Opening of new business outlets Partnership with retail outlets to provide services Appoint Regional distributors to stock and sell products of Dialog Reinforce relationship with channel partners Promotion * Implementing a integrated communication mix is important for the success of Dialog GSM achieving its marketing objective * Promotional activities at outlets such as merchandising * Sales Promotion can be used in the penetration strategy , while Advertising of ATL BTL can be used to create high awareness in the new market identified * Direct Marketing can be identified to target new segment (Ex: Send a direct mailer to corporate executives on mobile broadband technology) People * Staff is the key strength of Dialog, Focusing on delivering high customer service is important * Promoting a culture of service within the firm is important Process * Dialog GSM Process system is important in delivering a quality service , systems like CRM is important in day to day customer transaction * Customer service systems (CSS), SAP ERP are the back bone of IT process infrastructure within Dialog Physical Evidence * Physical evidence has to be given more priority , since Dialog GSM is planning to expand its presence in Sri Lanka , Branding of stores , Branch offices and retail stores * Also Dialog GSM needs to ensure the image portrayed by the organization should in consistent for the new product development Evaluation control for a business plan is important to rectify make corrective action, Dialog GSM could make use of Key performance indicators (KPIs) and evaluate the achievements against the KPIs set initially, this would give a clear view of the overall achievement the marketing plan 11.1 Implementation Project Plan Task 2010 2011 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Identify key messages Operational plan for promotion activities Analyze and set up new branch office in newly identified market Launch of new products (Mobile broadband) Mass Advertising campaign to create awareness in the new market Mass awareness for Corporate sector New staff recruitment for Marketing implementation Training for new existing staff on the new marketing plan implementation Implementation of Marketing Activities Evaluation Control 12 Budget A budget is effectively a financial plan for action, for a identified period of time. It is essential that the budget to be allocated in line to the corporate marketing objectives of the organization According to Drummond, Ensor Ashford in their book (Strategic marketing (2003), budgeting highlights 2 key points Which is that budgeting is about resource allocation and secondly budgeting is a political process, hence the need for negotiation and bargaining to secure the resources to achieve the proposed marketing plan An appropriate budgeting using objective and task method is prepared to cater the need for the short term marketing plan (Refer appendix Budgeting) 13 Evaluation Control 13.1 Key Performer indicators for Dialog GSM Performance Evaluation * Revenue through sales * Number of Promotion which includes (Street promotion, outlet promotion, customer bonanza) * Number of new outlets merchandised * Numbers of new connections sold incentives claimed * Number of Public Relation Campaign * Number of CSR Campaign 14 Recommendation Conclusion 14.1 Recommendations for Improving the Planning Process and Development of Marketing Plans * Analysis Context of the 7-S Model -The McKinsey 7-S Framework can be useful to analyze the organization context and to highlight areas that are not in alignment within Dialog GSM, especially ones that historically it has overlooked. * Planning -The Extended Marketing Mix Alignment to the planning process by introducing the extended marketing mix when developing marketing strategy. Historically used in service organizations, application of the extended mix, or 7Ps, has now been recognized as having beneficial results for organizations of every kind. By introducing ‘People, ‘Physical Evidence and ‘Process into its strategic marketing planning process, Dialog GSM can introduce a framework for changing how soft issues are dealt with within the organization. * Planning Internal Marketing Dialog GSM should plan a program of internal marketing based on the soft 7-S components and formulated through the extended marketing mix. This will address the communication needs as highlighted in 3.5. At Dialog GSM this could mean: * People customer focused training for all employees and not just those who speak to customers; introduce regular staff appraisals; etc * Physical Evidence makeover Reception area; plants/pictures in the staff room * Process -Design and implement proper customer service procedures; set-up focus groups to enable and encourage employee feedback  · Planning and Implementation A Holistic Approach (Word count for Marketing Plan 2,562) Evaluation Report 15 Role of Marketing marketing planning in responding to a change in the external environment Dialog as a organization needs to understand that the marketing environment is dynamic which will constantly change and quick adaptation to such changes is important to succeed in business position Dialog GSM as a leader in the market ,Here with I have highlighted role of marketing planning process on how dialog GSM can respond to such market changes . Marketing planning in responding to a change in the external environment Marketing Planning process In context of changing environment to Dialog GSM Situation Analysis Conduct a Marketing Audit to identify the opportunities threat, identify a response profile which to response to Current situation is an opportunity to enter new market which will help Dialog GSM to get more revenue build the subscriber base , to cater such opportunity Dialog GSM needs to make a aggressive response profile how it will target the new market customers and what kin of strategies the could build towards the significance demand Objective Objectives are based on the assessment on the environment change , are they achievable to the given change Based on the opportunities identified , Dialog GSM needs to have a set of SMART objectives to achieve the strategic goal to the identified environment change Such objectives could be * To increase of 3-4 Million potential subscribers * Opening of new outlets * Increase awareness for Dialog GSM products Strategy Changing environment will influence the strategic options to take Based on the objectives set , Dialog GSM needs to identify strategic options of achieving the corporate objective Such strategy could be to * Opening of new outlets in new market shut down non profitable outlets Target At this stage where Dialog GSM plans for action plan of achieving to the identified objective Tactical Implementation Environment will impact on the way the marketing plan is put into practice Dialog GSM needs to plan for an operational plan for the implementation progress , as environment changes are dynamic need for an contingency plan is also vital Control Evaluation Progress review will also dictate the environment change Evaluation of a marketing plan is important for Dialog GSM to evaluate the achievement against the objectives set initially , Evaluation will help to redefine future plans and give alternative corrections McDonald Drummond (2005-2008) also goes on to say that organization needs a strategic marketing plan in order to adapt to changing business environment. Organization must continue to adopt develop if they to be successful in the market Marketing plan should provide systematic framework with which to analyze the market place supply a well defined way to perusing strategic goals, McDonald also goes onto says the marketing planning is necessary because of * Increasing turbulence, competency, complexity competitiveness * Speed of technical changes * Need to sustain competitive advantage * Need for non marketing functions to get support * Need for subordinates to get resources, gain commitment Drummond summarizes for the reasons for planning as follows * Adopting the change * Resource allocation * Consistency * Integration * Communication * Control 16 Process of undertaking the marketing audit identified issues of information gathering and analysis Marketing auditis identified as an essential part of an efficient marketing planning process. It is a very important process that is not only carried out at the begging but also at regular intervals during the actual marketing planning process. Amarketing audithas a lot of influence upon the marketing planning process through the various external and internal factors. (Failan Salem 2009) illustrated process undertaking a marketing audit is showed in the following diagram Dialog GSM annually appoints a market research auditor from AC Neilson on once a year basis in order to conduct the Marketing Audit for the external internal Markets of the telecommunication industry. Through the market research key opportunities threats impacting on the Dialog GSM will be identified to make strategic actions Marketing Audit will help Dialog GSM determine how well the marketing initiatives are working, as well as to identify the most urgent marketing challenges: * From a historical perspective, what has and has not worked? * From a current perspective, what is and is not going well? * From a future perspective, what changes are needed so that your marketing and promotional efforts are going in the right As a next step detailed information is gathered prior to analyzing the Micro Macro level audit. During the marketing audit the auditor interviews asks various questions from groups such as * Dialog GSM Customers * Dialog GSM Staff * Media * Retailers * Other Stake holders Key Questions are asked from the above groups by the auditor in the following fields. * Accomplishments: What have Dialog GSM done well in the past? * Disappointments: What did not happen as planned? * Critical Actions: To improve results what needs to be done the same/differently next year? For each question above, consider the following: 1. Markets * What changes are happening in the environment which could have an impact on the Sales? 2. Customers * How does Dialog Marketing performance compare to competitors? * What kind of products featues customers wants that will help differentiate our company from others? 3. Competitors * Who are Dialog GSM major competitors in the market what are their strengths and weaknesses? 4. Environment * What are the changes happening from a variety of perspectives, such as Politics, Socio-cultural, demographics, technology? 5. Marketing systems * Are we achieving short- and long- marketing objectives? * What training or support is needed to Dialog staff? * Does everyone understand the marketing goals and various activities within the organization? * What changes should be made to improve the results from our marketing and/or PR agencies? 6. Review of marketing activities * What are our main products and how well is marketing supporting them? * What are our main marketing activities? * How effective are we in implementing our marketing activities? 7. Distribution * Compared to competitors, how are our prices? * How well are we supporting our distributors? * Distributers commitment towards Dialog GSM? 8. Sales * How well are marketing and sales aligned on key initiatives? * What can be done so that marketing can best support the sales organization 9. Advertising * Does advertising support the marketing objective of the brand? * Are key messages getting across to the target audience? * Are the themes and visuals used effectively understood by customers potential customers? 10. Publicity * Is our PR program effective? * How well are Dialog GSM PR initiatives helping our Marketing objective? 11. Promotions * Are our promotions well conceived, well implemented and effective? * Are we responding to our customers needs in a language they understand? 12. Online * Does our website also reflect the branding of the company and products? * What key initiatives are needed to develop online business? The information collected by interviews questions asked from various segments is then analyzed for PESTEL analysis, Porters 5 Forces analysis , SWOT Analysis It is also important that AC Neilson

How are the young David and Cassie presented as victims in the novels E

How are the young David and Cassie presented as victims in the novels 'David Copperfield' and 'Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry' 'Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry' is a story about an African American girl growing up in a racist community in Mississippi during the 1930's. It shows her family as they struggle to survive in the racist community, try to keep their land and survive on the little money they get because of the fall in cotton prices due to the economic depression. David Copperfield on the other hand is about a boy growing up in a mid-Victorian world. With his family dieing around him, nowhere to live and people constantly taking advantage of him, David also has a hard time growing up. In Roll of thunder we see the whole story through the eyes of Cassie and how life is for her. Whilst in David Copperfield the story is told by David so we only see how he thought it happened. In this essay I am going to compare the way in which these two young people are treated as victims and whether their characters influence people to treat them inadequately. At home David has memories of a happy childhood, until his mother Clara remarries to a man called Mr Murdstone who victimised him. In the early days of David's existence he describes his life as being picture perfect. 'my mother and I and Peggoty-for Peggoty is quite our companion my mother reads to Peggoty and me there is nothing half as green as that grass' David loved his childhood he remembers everything to be idealistic which reminds us that the story is from David's point of view and may not be exactly how it was really. We can tell that he cherishes the time when it was only he Clara and Peggoty because of the emotive language used by the author. When Mr Mu... ...d into her, tackling her with such force that we both fell over' 'and she apologised for herself and her father' Cassie devised a foul proof plan to 'stitch' Lillian Jean up. She then bribed her into not telling anyone. Although her family are constantly victimised she knows that they shouldn't be treated in that way and so won't put up with it. David and Cassie are both treated as victims throughout their childhoods. I think on one hand David is treated like a victim because he doesn't know how he should be treated and doesn't stick up for himself and on the other Cassie is treated like a victim because she knows how she should be treated and speaks out about it. While David apologises for what he has done -usually nothing- Cassie plots her revenge. I think both stories show realistic points of view of two people struggling to survive their childhoods.

Explain How the Solow Growth Model Would Analyse the Effects of a Fall in the Household Saving Ratio

In this essay, I will focus on two important aspects. The first is to give a brief historical outline of the Solow growth model. The second thread runs express how the outline on the Solow growth model might explain the effect of a fall in the household savings ratio. My essay will be guided by the diagram provided on which I have to make specific references and to think through as well as explain the various steps of the Solow growth model and what this would mean for economic growth. Without dismissing earlier attempts, the foundations upon which modern economic growth theory rests on the foundations put by US economist Robert Solow (1924-) in the 1950s and 1960s. The Solow growth model is very neoclassic in that it focuses primarily on the supply side. The Solow model seems to implicitly assume that, as long as the supply of goods increases, economic growth can be attained. In this way it is apparently different from Keynesian models of which focus is on the demand side of the economy such as inflation and unemployment. One of the major central reason by Solow to come up with the Solow model came from the desire to know what happens in the long run to an economy in which capital accumulation is taking place. In pursuit of an answer to this question Solow came up with a degree of mathematical and analytical work. Solow pursued a model of an economy in which one has a single good that can be consumed or invested, and he says the total output in the economy Y to the total labour supply L and the stock of physical capital K. When Solow talked of physical capital he meant things like machinery, buildings, equipment, things used by labour to make products. The aggregate measurement of output is symbolised by (Y), labour (L) and capital (K). This means that Y,L and K are variables describing the whole economy. The Solow growth model tells us that in the long term, the development of a closed economy will remain at a steady state, where there is no more growth. In figure 2, the economy has settled down in point E. Here, the fraction of an average worker output that is being saved, equals the average required investment to account for the depreciation and decay. This being achieved with k1 amount of capital per worker, the economy produces an output of y1 per worker, the economy produces an output of y1 per worker. A sudden fall in the household saving ratio to s*< s leads to negative net investments F minus E: workers only save a fraction s* of still the same y1, and therefore there is not enough being saved in the economy to be able to finance the decay of the capital stock at k1. As the level k1 cannot be retained by the average worker which is (negative net investments), the output per worker y has to start to decrease. In a dynamic process, the economy will move along the curve y=f(k), that means the amount of output per worker y will decrease, until it settles at a new steady state, where the net invstements equal zero. This being achieved at point E*, the resulting capital intensity is k*, with which an output of y* can be produced with y* being smaller than y1. In other words, a fall in the household ratio leads to a decrease of the amount of capital stock, a closed economy is able to to retain in the long term. The decay in the existing capital stock cannot anymore be completely replaced by investments, as there is not enough money being saved in the economy due to the fall in the household saving ratio. These resulting negative net investments will force the economy to decrease its output to the level y*. Only here, the amount being saved in the economy can again replace the complete decaying capital stock, which means the economy settles at a new long term equilibrium, a new steady state. The fall in the household saving ratio has therefore reduced the productivity of the average worker in the economy. PART B How far do models of corporation and bargaining alter our understanding of the potential for corporation between states. In this essay, I will focus myself on two models of cooperation and bargaining. The first model is called realism and its thrust is to say that the international political systems as a whole is anarchic in so far as there is no world government but what exists are multiple competing sovereigns. In terms of cooperation and bargaining between states realism poses real challenges to interdependence and specialisation. The second model is called liberalism and like realism it begins by acknowledging that the system is of course anarchic but it goes a bit further to argue that the interests that states seek to pursue in conditions of anarchy are shaped very much by the nature of the society, domestic, and transnational over which they seek to rule and particularly liberals stress the role of dominant powerful groups within society in shaping the nature of the national interests and this is clearly illustrated in a story about the development of India`s national interest in chapter 6. The fundamental difference between the two models is that liberalism says it is not just anarchy plus the distribution of power, it`s anarchy, and the distribution of power plus interdependence. The prospects for cooperation between states under conditions of both anarchy and interdependence bring to fore three aspects of the game. The first, the game is positive-sum when states are concerned purely with their absolute gains but the chance for bargaining and cooperation to mutual advantage are real and if the positive-sum is changed negatively it results in zero-sum games in which neither will be prepared to move from the original position hence blocking cooperation. The third is when states care about both their absolute gains and their relative positions giving us an indeterminate outcome and it very much depends on how the nations weigh the one against the other. In answering the question topic therefore, I am diving into a web of complexity. The realists`philosophical thrust claims that in an anarchic system, what then differentiates states are rather their capabilities as compared to their functions. In short it is the power of states, not their common purposes (survival), that differentiates one international political system from another (Bromley, 2004 p113) In the Realist mode therefore, the state will seek to avoid as necessary as possible forms of interdependence that create vulnerability in relation to issues of security, so they will avoid all forms of subordination with relation to other states in terms of power, since the superior power of some may also threaten the security of the weak. An example in our world today could be United States with the killing of Osama Bin Laden, where the US Navy SEALS are accused of transgression and trespassing into Pakistan without sovereign rights. In just some few words one could say that the international political systems between and among states according to realists comprise an anarchy of similar, competing political authorities in which each strives to maintain or improve its relative power base. Mexico epitomises this concept in the 1910 revolution and the subsequent creation of the PRI in 1929 which fostered a strong nationalistic ideology geared toward maintaining the independence of the country from foreign economic and political influences. Having outlined in short the essence of realist philosophy, there is need therefore, to ask what implications does this realist thinking have on cooperation and bargaining between states? The realist thinking has very essential implications in the fact that cooperation between states have to be severely limited even with big organisations like WTO because what should be avoided at all costs are dependencies. Even if there are benefits that accrue from cooperation with another state, you simply cannot depend on another country since this can create vulnerabilities lets say in cases of diplomatic fallout or cases of war. Another recent example is the treacherous diplomatic fallout between United Kingdom and Malawi with consequences on bilateral relations and especially the impact it will have on a largely dependent country Malawi. That limits considerably the scope for cooperation. According to Huysmans the other element that restrict cooperation between states, or even regional blocks in this case, sometimes like the European Union, â€Å"they are not calculating primarily their benefits from cooperation in terms of what they would gain in comparison to their major competitors, because what matters is not how much richer I become as a state, what matters is how much richer I become as a state compared to you, because then I`m more powerful, can translate to military power, economic power and so on† (Huysmans, Audio CD, 2010) In short state actors have to guarantee their own self-preservation, that is to say individuals in a state of nature or states in an anarchic international system will not willingly cooperate if the result is an increase in vulnerabilities and/ or decrease in relative power. Paul Hirst, a sociologist and political theorist served a blow to to realists`arguments by going against the view that sovereign control of territory is forged purely internally by arguing that states need to interact in the anarchic realm of international politics with other states. The achievement of sovereignty therefore, is at least partly the product of agreements between states in the form of recognition of each others`sovereign rights (Bromley 2004, p120) In this case therefore one dependents on the other. This then is the best chance to bring into play liberalism which argues that what we need to look at is the way in which the different national interests of states, that are shaped by the societies over which they rule, are configured together when put together at an international system. What we have are states all interacting with one another, all chasing national interests, as defined by their dominant groups, and those interests configure in different ways sometimes states interests are conflictual, sometimes cooperative and at some points mutually beneficial. Trade liberalisation is an example where arguably, the interests of states that are mutually engaging in trade liberalisation are not in conflict. They can both benefit from trade. States may come to view their position in relation to the others in a much more absolute terms and as a consequence of that, with full understanding of the fact that the structure of international system is interdependent as well as anarchic, enduring cooperation is at least a possibility. The states according to Bromley face an environment of what is called â€Å"strategic inter-dependence† to mean the strategies that one can champion are conditioned by their anticipation of the strategies that others will pursue (Bromley CD 2010). Unlike, the realists, the assumption is that when states`interests interact internationally, it is not always the case that states will focus on their position or be worried about dependence, and the argument pursued is that security is only one value among others, that security will be balanced alongside other considerations like economic welfare, promotion of cultural values, or whatever. In this regard Mexico is a perfect example, in so far as Mexico joined NAFTA, not worrying so much about its position vis-a-vis its dominant neighbour, the United States but increasingly focusing on the absolute gains that Mexico might make through those policies. Chapter 9, says states sometimes interact in positive-sum ways, meaning when they interact they both gain from cooperation and bargaining, sometimes they interact in ways that are zero-sum; if I gain you lose or otherwise it is negative-sum in which both sides lose. The realists model that Jef outlines seems to advocate or assume that all cooperation because they are relative ains, are zero-sum; if I gain you lose but according to liberal thinking there are situations when it is a win-win situation (Bromley CD 2010) The Liberal model also argues that there are many situations where mutual dependence does not imply vulnerability vis-a-vis security or even worry about their relative position vis-a-vis other states and an example could be that as a country, we can come to define our national interest in terms, not of how we are progressing vis-a-vis another country but how we are coping vis-a-vis last year, focused only on our growth rate. The core claim of liberal model is that once you recognise the strategic nature of interdependence and once you recognise that the national interest is socially shaped by society and not just deriving from your position in the state system, then the possibilities of cooperation are far much greater. Concluding remarks draws three general conclusions, the game is positive-sum if states are geared solely with their absolute gains, there is chance for co-operative bargaining to mutual advantage. Anarchy is no danger to cooperation in this world. Secondly, if states evaluate their positions purely in relation to others, then all games even positive-sum ones are turned to zero-sum ones where neither will be prepared to move away from the original thereby blocking cooperation as was seen between the superpowers during the Cold War. Thirdly, when states care about their absolute gains and their relative positions, the outcome is indeterminate and depends on how they weigh the one against the other. If relative considerations do not weigh too heavily in their calculations, states may still find themselves in a positive-sum game.

The History of Abortions in Different Cultures Professor Ramos Blog

The History of Abortions in Different Cultures https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1ZnhyW8JMTLRBnfGwB_sE8LBC_23O_4fabNv6UoK48qc/edit?usp=sharingh

Douglass essays

Douglass essays Slavery was perhaps one of the most appalling tragedies in the history of the United States of America. As explained in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, each slave had a different experience with slavery, but they all had certain things in common and a couple of those things were a life of unthinkable acts of cruelty and the desire to become free. In Douglass Narrative, he explains his life as a slave and how he uses his education and extraordinary ability of speaking to influence the freedom of all slaves. In reading the Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, I like others, found myself to be deeply moved. The way in which Mr. Douglass walked me through his life as a slave gave me a better understanding of the struggle that African American slaves encountered. Douglass was born in Talbot County, Maryland, but he does not know the year, as most slaves are not allowed to know their ages. He points out that slave owners deliberately keep their slaves ignorant, and that this is a tactic whites us to gain power over slaves. This is the recurrent structure Douglass uses in his narrative. I find this to be interesting, and wonder why that is. How does not knowing the age of ones self keep them ignorant? I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it. By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant.(pg.19) However, based on an overheard comment from his master, Douglass guesses that he was born in or around 1818. Douglasss mother was Harriet Bailey, and they were separated soon after birth, a common practice among slave owners. Douglass assumes that this cust om is intended to break the natural bond of affection between mother and child. For what this separation is done, I do not know, unless it i...

Scientific and Ethical Complexities - Egg Donation Essay

Scientific and Ethical Complexities - Egg Donation - Essay Example any a negative review such as – â€Å"the most enduring ghost story of all time† and â€Å"a precursor to the existential thriller.† The novel which remains popular even today, unravels the story of a highly ambitious and proud scientist who craves to create a new life form and aspires to become like God. This story is of significant relevance which tells us how Dr. Frankenstein steeps himself into his scientific study and contemplates the creation of life. Mary brings out beautifully the struggle that Frankenstein faces to infuse life into something inanimate. She tells of how he worked ardently in his laboratory from morning to night and sometimes even into the next morning with just that sole goal in his mind to drive him on. He faced many difficulties and pitfalls in the various experiments he carried out and at one point he even wanted to give up and return to his family and friends, but then again it was this burning desire to create life and become like God that At the end of two years, he made great progress and won great appreciation and recognition in his University. The phenomenon that particularly attracted his attention was the human frame. According to him –â€Å"To examine the causes of life, we must first have recourse to death†. He examined and analyised every crevice of life to death and from death to life, until from the darkness broke out a wondrous light that at first blinded him in its simplicity and then exulted him to dizzying heights in the discovery he had made. He had achieved what he wanted to after all! He now had the uncanny power to bestow animation on the object which was once lifeless. He was now left with the job of making a frame work with the intricacy of all its muscles and fibers. It seemed almost impractical in its magnitude and complexity, but the rush of enthusiasm was like a hurricane within him that he could not stop. Frankenstein says –â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and

Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Identity - Essay Example For example a resolver in psychological terms consciously desires self growth, on a personal level such an individual acknowledges the importance of personal skills and greatly puts them to practice .Within a social context a resolver will be responsive to societies that provide an opportunity for self growth. According to Gergen Kenneth, a person’s identity can also include the relational self, pastiche personality and the strategic manipulator. In Social Anthropology, identity is used to refer to the idea of self hood which implies an individuals’ properties and individuality that makes such a person distich and unique from others. It is virtually difficult to have a clear definition of identity, its all depends on the field of study upon which one is relating to, however, there are some prominent people in the society whose roles and involvement is various fields easily spell out their identity. Such characters are Dr Manhattan whose real identity is John osterman, R orschach’s and Ozymandias identities in the vigilantism and as Nietzsche's Ubermench (Klock, 2002). All the three characters have featured in the Watchman besides the Comedian, the Nite Owl and the Silk Spectre. The main aim of selecting the characters was to present six radically opposing ways in perceiving the world in terms of morality. The Watchman is based on super hero properties acquired form Charlton Comics during the early 1980’s. Jon Osterman who was later referred to as Doctor /Manhattan, was changed not god like blue –skinned being after accidentally being disintegrated in an â€Å"intrinsic field Subtracot† Jon Osterman identity is the same as that of Dr. Manhattan is a number of ways. First of all, while still a normal human being, he involved himself in unusual things for instance, very few people would take dare become physicist due to its complexity. However Jon Oserman was intensively involved in the discovery which led to his transforma tion after being stuck in a chamber. As Dr. Manhattan, he continues to engage himself in unusual scenarios, for example even after being employed by the United States of America defense Ministry and infighting crime, he goes no with his physics research, his love for this subject leads him to b the inventor of the electric advanced vehicles. Both identities prove Dr Manhattan as a determined and very hardworking individual. However, there are some differences between the two personality identities and this has widely been influenced by the social surrounding. Previously he gains an indentify of a loving and caring man with ability of bringing his girlfriend along to the work station. On the other hand, Dr. Manhattan is view as a biter and emotionless super being; however his perception has been changed by exploitation by normal human beings. He claims that he is used a s a puppet and can even see all the strings attached to him â€Å"We're all puppets, Laurie. I'm just a puppet who can see the strings† (Gibbons, 2008), he knows that he has been turned into something lethal; he is excited that he knows the delight of not knowing. According to the Cote and Levin (2002) typology he can be regarded as a â€Å"searcher â€Å" with high sense of dissatisfaction ,quickly shows disdain for imperfection and mostly interacting with role

Free Movement of Goods Article 34 and 36 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Free Movement of Goods Article 34 and 36 - Essay Example The aspect of measures can also include the inaction of a State to stop private individuals’ acts, which prevent the free movement of goods (The College of Law 2012, p200). The ECJ described the expression of quantitative restriction as measures that amount to partial or total restraint of, based on the circumstances, exports, imports or goods in transit. There are two laws that apply in this category but in this case, the most applicable law is the outright ban enforced by a Member State (Spain) on imports from another Member State (The College of Law 2012, p201). Free Pork Ltd plans to begin selling its products in Spain have been hampered by the law that requires the sale of sausages produced from humanely reared pigs to be checked by Spanish Sausage Checkers (SSC). If the sausages are not checked by SSC, the law prohibits its sales in Spain. However, the process of verifying whether the sausages have those conditions is usually lengthy. Therefore, Free Pork can challenge t his Spanish law. There is also a law that requires the name of the company not to use words that imply health or fitness. Free Pork can also challenge this law because it restricts the importation of goods and can affect the brand image of the company. The SSC is a form of a licencing system, which according to the articles, subjects the import of merchandises to the condition of getting an import licence. Even in situations where the application for an import licence is regarded a mere formality; it is a Quantitative Restriction. This is because is simply a mechanism in which imports can be restricted. In practice, it is very rare for the Member States laws to result to quantitative restrictions. The ban on exports or imports between Member States is only found in unusual circumstances (The College of Law 2012, p201). Therefore, failure by Free Pork Ltd to meet the conditions set by the Spanish laws is an outright ban on exporting sausages to this Member State. As stated earlier, t he ban only happens in unusual circumstances, and thus, Free Pork can challenge the law because an unusual circumstance lacks, which prohibits it from exporting the goods to Spain. The directive was important in developing a brief wording of the Article 34 TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) and it continues to offer guidance on the measures that can constitute a breach of Article 34 TFEU prohibitions. Article 2(1) of the directive describes a class of measures (for instance, national laws) that treat imported goods and domestic goods differently. They are commonly referred to as distinctly applicable measures. Article 3 of the directive describes a class of national laws that apply equally to imported and domestic products. These laws have a restrictive impact and they are commonly referred to as indistinctly applicable (The College of Law 2012, p202). Therefore, the directive classifies both indistinctly and distinctly applicable measures as measures that have a n impact equivalent to restrictions on imports. From the statement, it can be stated that a national law can become MEQR (Measures having Equivalent effect to a Quantitative Restriction) regardless of whether it â€Å"discriminates against imported products or appears to treat them in the same way as domestic products but is in

Causation and Intervening Acts in Criminal Law Essay Example for Free

Causation and Intervening Acts in Criminal Law Essay According to Robin J.A. in Malette v Shulman[1], â€Å"the right of self-determination which underlies the doctrine of informed consent also obviously encompasses the right to refuse medical treatment. A competent adult is generally entitled to reject a specific treatment or all treatment, or to select an alternate form of treatment, even if the decision may entail risks as serious as death†¦The doctrine of informed consent is plainly intended to ensure the freedom of individuals to make choices concerning their medical care. For this freedom to be meaningful, people must have the right to make choices that accord with their own values regardless of how unwise or foolish those choices may appear to others.†[2] R v Blaue[3], a famous causation case in criminal law, brings to foreground a thought-provoking debate about whether an individual’s religious beliefs and other psychological values could be included in the ‘thin skull’ rule and whether the refusal to take lifesaving medical treatment breaks the chain of causation that exists between the defendant’s wrongdoing and the purported outcome of that wrongdoing. The facts of the case are as follows Blaue, the defendant, stabbed a woman numerous times after she refused to have sexual intercourse with him. She was a Jehovah’s Witness and was therefore not in favour of blood transfusions. After the stabbing, she was taken to a hospital and was told that she urgently needed to have a blood transfusion, without which she would die. Owing to her religious beliefs, she refused to consent with the suggested treatment. As a result, she died in the hospital. While giving the judgment, Lawton L.J. stated that â€Å"those who use violence on other people must take their victims as they find them.†[4] This, according to him, not only includes victims’ physical characteristics, but also their emotional, psychological and spiritual values and beliefs. This decision has proved to be extremely controversial and gives rise to various debates. Most understand the rationale behind the court’s judgment and agree that the defendant is , as a matter of fact, criminally liable for causing the injury. After all, the victim was at the receiving end of several stabbings, imposed by the defendant, who clearly had an intention of causing serious bodily harm, if not death. However, some feel that the death was the result of the victim’s refusal to carry out the blood transfusion. They feel that the defendant should not be responsible for the unusual, irrational and unjustified religious beliefs of the victim. In addition, the defendant could not have possibly foreseen her backing out of receiving medical treatment in the hospital. The Blaue case creates many doubts about the doctrine of causation in criminal law. Was Blaue responsible for the victim’s death or was it an act of the victim, since it was her decision to refuse a blood transfusion? If we conclude that Blaue is indeed responsible for her death, another question comes to mind: Why is the victim not responsible for her own death? First and foremost, it is a fact that the victim sustained injuries due to numerous stabbings and it was Blaue who had inflicted them upon her. Her not taking any steps to save herself did not instigate her death. Secondly, there is an application of the ‘thin skull’ rule in this case. An important principle of the law of causation is that defendants must ‘take their victims as they find them.’ This means that if a defendant pushes someone and because they have a thin skull, they crack their head and die, the defendant will be liable for causing their death. The Court of Appeal in Blaue indicated that the decision could be seen as a ‘thin skull’ example. It was established that the ‘thin skull’ rule goes beyond the physical characteristics of individuals, also including a person’s moral and religious beliefs. Thirdly, the victim’s decision to not undergo blood transfusion, which would have clearly saved her life, was based on profound religious views and hence, did not constitute a novus actus interveniens. That is, it was not an intervening act. Nevertheless, the judgment has been critisised on various grounds. Why was the vict im’s decision to refuse medical treatment seen as a subsisting condition rather than an intervening cause? Would it have been the same if the refusal was due to a fear of needles or the fact that she could not bear the pain and thought dying was the only way to end the agony? A decision steered by religious beliefs is a moral choice, that is, a free decision. Why should the defendant endure the responsibility if the victim makes a free choice to kill herself any more than he should if, weakened by the injury, the victim took a controversial choice to end her life with dignity rather than enduring pain and life-long humiliation? Thus, to understand the Blaue case, we not only need to take into account causation in criminal law, but also the two doctrines which apply to the concept of proximate causation; the ‘thin skull’ rule and the principle of novus actus interveniens. Causation In criminal law, individuals that are guilty of a crime are penalised for the harm they cause if both the physical and the mental element of committing an offence is present. There must be a valid connection between an individual’s conduct and the result alleged to constitute an offence. The causation requirement attaches criminal responsibility to those individuals whose conduct is sufficient enough to bring about serious bodily injury or death. In Hallett[5], the accused assaulted a man and left him on a beach. Over the next few hours, the man drowned. The court concluded that Hallett’s contribution to his death was more than minimal to hold him responsible for it. However, in Blaue, the defendant was found to be the substantial and operating cause of the woman’s death. That is, his stabbings is why she was admitted to a hospital in the first place. ‘Thin skull’ rule The defendant must take the victim as he finds him or her and this means ‘the whole man and not just the physical man.’ This rule applies irrespective of whether the defendant is aware of the condition in the victim. On one hand, there are instances where the victim suffers from a pre-existing condition which renders him or her more vulnerable to injuries. On the other hand, there are cases where the victim does not take medical treatment to heal wounds and suffers serious harm as a result. A defendant cannot escape liability for a victim’s death as a result of an abnormality pres ent in the victim or an internal, subsisting belief of the victim. It is his fault that he caused harm in the first place. In R v Hayward[6], a man chased his wife into the street shouting threats and kicked her. She collapsed and died from an unusual thyroid condition which made her susceptible to physical exertion and fear. He was convicted of manslaughter because he aggravated her pre-existing condition by physically assaulting her. This case is a good example of the ‘thin skull’ rule applying to the physical characteristics of an individual. The fact that he could not possibly foresee her dying is not an excuse. However, can a victims religious beliefs constitute a thin skull? With reference to Blaue, according to Hart and Honorà ©: â€Å"The question is not whether it is reasonable to believe that blood transfusion is wrong, but whether a person whose life is in danger can reasonably be expected to abandon a firmly held religious belief. The answer must be surely no.†[7] Religious beliefs and convictions are an internal cha racteristic of individuals, which is deeply rooted in their way of thinking and life. It is intrinsic to every person. Hence, people cannot be held legally accountable for possessing such sentiments. Novus Actus Interveniens The general principle is that an intervention by a third party will break the chain of causation if it is ‘free, deliberate and informed.’ In R v Kennedy[8], Kennedy prepared a syringe for the victim, who injected himself and died due to an overdose. Kennedy was convicted of unlawful manslaughter. The act of the victim, in injecting himself with the drug, was an intentional, free, deliberate and an informed action. Thus, the drug dealer is not guilty of unlawful manslaughter. In contrast, in R v Dear[9], the defendant slashed the victim repeatedly with a knife. The victim died two days later. The defendant appealed against his conviction for murder, arguing that the chain of causation had been broken because the victim had committed suicide either by reopening his wounds or because he had failed to take steps to stop the blood flow after the wounds had reopened them selves. The court dismissed the appeal and held that the real question was whether the injuries inflicted by the defendant were a substantial and operating cause of the death. The victims death resulted from excessive bleeding from the artery, which was triggered by the defendant when he attacked the victim. In Blaue, the refusal to get treatment does not break the chain of causation, despite the fact that it was informed and deliberate, because having such a belief is involuntary and requisite. According to Hart and Honorà ©, â€Å"the question to be decided is whether the decision to refuse treatment is not merely deliberate and informed but also a free one. In view of the high value attached in our society to the matters of conscience, the victim, though free to accept any belief she wished, is not thereafter free to abandon her chosen belief merely because she finds herself in a situation in which her life may otherwise be in danger. So it was not her free act to refuse a transfusion.†[10] It was reasonably foreseeable that a Jehovah’s Witness would refuse a blood transfusion. The victim had no choice due to her religion. It was not a free decision because, in a way, she was bound by it. It could be said that she simply let the wound take its natural course. Moreover, the death was caused due to the bleeding arising from the penetration of the lungs, which was brought about by the stabbings. The substantial and operating cause test does not take into account a victim’s distinct characteristic. So long as victim died of internal bleeding due to the wound administered by Blaue, we need not ask further questions. However, if the principle of ‘taking your victims as you find them, including their beliefs’ is applied to more cases, it would have varying results. Let’s assume that X assaults Y. Y ends up committing suicide because she is mentally unstable or because she hopes to get X behind bars. Another example could be that X shoots Y on his left leg. Y could go to the hospital but decides to remove the bullet by himself. Unable to do so and still refusing medical treatment, he dies. Should X ‘take’ Y’s unstable, vengeful or negligent behaviour? Is that justified or is it unfair? [ 1 ]. Malette v Shulman [1991] 2 Med LR 162. [ 2 ]. Jerome Edmund Bickenback, Canadian cases in the philosophy of law, 4th edition, at 160 to 161. [ 3 ]. R v Blaue [1975] 1 WLR 1411. [ 4 ]. Michael T. Molan, Sourcebook on Criminal Law, 2nd edition, at 67. [ 5 ]. Hallett [1969] SASR 141. [ 6 ]. R v Hayward (1908) 21 Cox 692. [ 7 ]. Denis Klimchuk, Causation, Thin Skulls and Equality (1998) at pg. 126. [ 8 ]. R v Kennedy [2007] UKHL 38. [ 9 ]. R v Dear [1996] Crim LR 595. [ 10 ]. Alan Norrie, Crime, Reason and History: A Critical Introduction to Criminal Law, at pg. 143.